www.vanguardcanada.com AUGUST/SEPTEMBER 2018 25
for which governments possess militaries,
but over the years, additional expecta-
tions have been added. Now, when atten-
tion needs to refocus on the defence of
the state, limiting military competition in
the Arctic and continuing to encourage a
rules-based approach is paramount. Seiz-
ing opportunities for continued coopera-
tion with Russia in the Arctic is the right
thing to do, even if it is perceived as offen-
sive and rewarding of Russia's egregious
behaviour elsewhere. Relations between
and among near-peer competitors are al-
ways a mix of cooperation, competition
and rivalry depending upon the specific is-
sues at play. The first step is to recognize
that the behaviour of Russia is generally
helpful in the Arctic. The second is to plan
seriously for the defence of the state from
all military threats, including Russian.
References
1. Kathleen Hicks et al., "Recalibrating
U.S. Strategy Toward Russia: A New
Time for Choosing", Washington
DC: CSIS (30 March 2017). Found
at https://www.csis.org/analysis/
recalibrating-us-strategy-toward-russia
2. Valery Konyshev, Alexander Sergunin
and Sergei Subbotin, "Russia's Arctic
strategies in the context of the Ukraini-
an crisis" Polar Journal Vol 7(1), (June
2017): 104-124. See esp. p. 106.
3. Russian Federation, "Foundations
of the State Policy of the Russian
Federation in the Arctic to 2020 and
Beyond" (18 September 2008) and
"Strategy for the Development of the
Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation
(20 February 2013).
4. Russian Federation, "Russian Military
Strategy" (26 December 2014).
5. Russian Federation. "Energy Strategy
of Russia for the Period up to 2030."
Ministry of Energy. Moscow, 13 No-
vember 2009.
6. Russian Federation, "Maritime Doc-
trine" (July 2015).
7. For example, in addition to Russia's
shorter-ranged R-73 Vympel (NATO
A-11) air-to-air missiles there is also
concern with its longer-ranged 37 Vym-
pel (NATO A-13 Arrow) ones as well.
8. https://www.nato.int/cps/
en/natohq/news_155866.
htm?selectedLocale=en
9. Ottawa Declaration (1996) found at
https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/
handle/11374/85
10. Declaration Concerning the Preven-
tion of Unregulated high Seas Fishing
in the Central Arctic Ocean Oslo,
NO (2015) found at https://www.
regjeringen.no/globalassets/departe-
mentene/ud/vedlegg/folkerett/
declaration-on-arctic-fisheries-16-ju-
ly-2015.pdf
Troy J. Bouffard, US Army (Retired).
BA in Political Science, MA in Arctic Policy.
Faculty at the University of Alaska Fair-
banks, School of Management.
Research Fellow at CDSS. U.S. Department
of Defense contractor with the
Alaskan Command / USNORTHCOM.
Dr. Andrea Charron holds a PhD from
the Royal Military College of Canada
(Department of War Studies). She is
Associate Professor (IR) in Political Stud-
ies at the University of Manitoba and
Director of the Centre for Defence and
Security Studies.
ArCtiC
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